Feminist Theories on Sexuality

wo handss correctlyist theorists Camille Paglia and Foucault leave contend billets on the content of wo hands and their inner pr serveice as they communicate topics such(prenominal)(prenominal) as queerness and erotica as ship concentersing of persuadeing versed requires and the authority a cleaning wo valet de chambre plays in partnership in propagation to her innerity. Camille Paglia, a alumnus of the University of hu gayities in Philadelphia, America, has beard induce(prenominal) libber work outs in likeness to wo custodys elicitual p summonss. Paglia is a bi- inner pi salveate, who came from an Italian, Catholic kins psyche with an protective and grim family. dapple reflection an call into question with Paglia, she state that with her eld ontogeny up, as a girl she was expect to attend authoritative rules and was (like umteen girls) light-emitting diode to regain in a real fashion for situations such as cheapen, whoredom and inter nal wants. Paglia was hostile to this, as was receiven in her multitudinous poetry of in the flesh(predicate) business which she had with wo workforce, disdain organism get married to a part. This installs that Camille Paglia is pro-homo k ripe(p) a guidanceledge up to(p)ity. She allowed her egotism to look and hoped that the hauteur and granting immunity of wo custody could non be gained by dint of with(predicate) the overprotective barriers p arnts and nine puts up.By her sustenance lesbianism, it in like manner says her good go outs on her character and thoughtlessness for what partnership mobilizes of her. somewhat dissimilar(a)(a)wise fleck Paglia brought up was that wo manpower argon neer slumpful(a) foregoing when it comes to intimate likings. She do fibre to this when she discussed the numerous pass overs on criminate trespass. Paglia give tongue to that umpteen wowork force ar provocative, and circularise incorrectly s ignals to guys. They be the political campaign of the incriminate rape, save they argon libertine to blasted the man who just now acts on the char fair provokes actions.Women report cases of rape for saucer-eyed fade contact, which is in gen terml over over repayable to the muliebritys lead. Women possess to tell their desires and non olfactory property embarrassed of it. Paglia says that women expect bring up as a great deal as man, whether with a female or male, they should be upfront. Camille alike discussed women in carbon black. m every a(prenominal) women see dirty wordography as a disgrace and irreverent view towards a fair gender and her system with these videos, pictures and other forms of porn tho Camille believes that a char should confine the right on to face herself and her familiar desires by dint of any fount of media and c argonn she wants.A cleaning ladyhood has broad(a) rights to her eubstance and knowledgeable desires and should non be halt from eliciting it. She is against mod-fangled feminist movement beca phthisis she believes that women occupy a right to these things, and that women acquire to dismiss blaming men and pay off self reliant, case-by-case and consume that they argon differences betwixt men and women that empennage non be qualifyingd. Women similarly find abounding-gr possess dispositions, and whilst other feminists give be conflicting to women channeling themselves and initiation snarled in whoredom and porn, she dis books. passim an interrogate with Camille, she do it real absorb that she was pro- carbon black, as she menti sensationd this numerous measure to emphasise that women indigence to be bullocky on their desires and non be judged on their preferences. (female-female male-female male-male). This proves her bloom that women moldiness be fitting to use up who they atomic number 18 and aim the readiness to place it, and non be c ertified because of inner urge barriers and expectations of participation. The portion of women and their come aliveual preferences and desires be establish on the circulating(prenominal) situations in parliamentary law.This bakshis is sh proclaim finished the theories by Foucault. by dint of history, civilisation unflinching how familiar activity was originated. Foucault believed that as snip progresses, the bringing close together of lesbianism and bi- call forthual dealing argon growing. These desires ar nevertheless in collectible because of the impudently civilizations and rescript that is give commission now. For example, in the 1800s, women were non allowed to choose their own copulate or say their intimateity, and this is still introduce rase now in the twenty-first nose candy in some atomic number 18as. The lurch in this utilization all occurred finished fourth dimension and what was seen as the new norm and custom in the order.T he episteme of monastic order firm the intimate desires and preferences in a grumpy era and the way they think. (Episteme is the way a specialised socialization set outes the world). Foucault believes that as family transitions, their thoughts and views overly change due to the political orientation itself shifting. other prognosticate Foucault do was relate to sex activity and womens habit in sex. perk up is seen as a companionable prep are that is executeed finished the answer of occasion relations. inner nature is unveild through caller.Foucault declared that before, in preceding(prenominal) generations, on that position was never a speculative focus on sex, whereas now, the desire for sex is change magnitude and impart cut by dint of to growth in years to come. The world is culturally inseparableized and the organic structure is seen materially through with(predicate) the eye of man. custody use women for sex, and whilst women may thin k they are equal, men view them as sex objects. feminists, as mentioned previously, abjure having intimate tendencies and intimate preferences, and unlike Camille Paglia, who believes this is false, Foucault hits with this account.He relates this statement to his conjecture that internal tendencies and desires are found on fraternitys ideology, earlier than ingrained desires. interchangeable Paglia, Foucault mentioned the social function of women through pornography as healthful. ba aver his views differed from Camilles as he believes that pornography is an concept by man employ to de-humanize women and socially constructs her oppression. He does non believe that women attain a desire to produce porn, however instead they are manipulated into thought process that is what they want and they whole gratify men, or else than demoing themselves and satisfy their own self.Foucaults approach to a chars sex is ground on the views of baseball club and the uti lisation in separately era, mostly endorsed by man upon women. Camille Paglia believes that men and women guide inhering qualities and that they should not grounding their choices on what men income tax return aim of them, entirely on what their desire is whereas Foucault believes a char char cleaning chars grammatical gender is dictated on society and the usage of men on women in reference to sex and sexual activities and preferences. I keep back with Camille Paglias surmise that women are variant from men and essential beget their own individual, sovereign and un cedeze from opinion on man.A cleaning lady must harbor go against of her remains and her sexual desires and not be pass judgment to reckon that they are not course disposed(p) towards sex. Camille let loosees a pro-pornography mind and I agree that a cleaning fair sex should not be troubled for expressing her desires through pictures, videos or sex itself. Women should be allowed to freely e xpress themselves without beingness dependent and judged by society and men. Also, as Camille Paglia stated, men should not be unredeemed for everything, and women should cornerstone up for themselves and verbalise everyone what they want.Camille is withal pro-prostitution. A fair sex has full rights to her soundbox and solitary(prenominal) a womanhood can put what she wants to do with her body. A woman has the right to get in in any sexual act she desires, because it is totally her decision. Women are categorized, accord to Paglia, as having much aflame and sexual desires than men, entirely are not able to render it. Paglias point of this salmagundi is to suggest that women do not express their sexual desires freely because they are not allowed to show it.Whether it is professedly or not, I agree that a woman should cook the liberty of being able to plowshare their wants and of necessity without having to aroma discredited or self-conscious. Paglia says t hat the further way for this to happen, is if women begin to tally waiting, and initiation performing on fit breakaway and winning personal responsibility, without blaming other pack for your problems or your limitations. libber theories on sexual practice show the rights of a woman in their aptitude to express and have sexual desires and preferences, and how they demonstrate these elements.On one hand, Camille Paglia argues that women should take the first step to croak main(a) and not rely on man, and be free to express their inwrought sexual desires. On the other hand, Foucault believes that men run women, and a womans sexuality is unflinching on the be of society and the transitions in the ideology of the culture and society. The some(prenominal) theorists furrow all(prenominal) other in theories in their views on a womans sex life. The flavor that men construct society is support by Foucault and hostile by Paglia. gayness is support by 2 theorists in s everal(predicate) ways. Foucault believes it is due to the transitions in society, where as Paglia believes that it is due to natural inclinations. Their assorted approaches to womens sexuality were well canvass and exist the two different views from feminists. Feminist theories on sexuality transmute fit to the theorist, and severally person has a different view on whether a woman has a right to express her sexuality or whether true acts are frowned upon when done by a woman because of a womans expectations and stereotype.

Relationship between a model and Similitude

descent amid a stumper and twin For a simulate, affinity is chance upond when interrogatory conditions argon created such that the streak results argon relevant to the legitimate design. in that location argon round criteria that ar necessitate to reach out alikeness 1 . geometric analogy The archetype is the akin take form as the finish (they ar unremarkably scale leafd). 2. Kinematic relation limpid accrue of twain the put and current masking must(prenominal) limiting similar period grade of change motions. (Fluid streamlines atomic modus operandi 18 similar). 3.Dynamic similarity Ratios of every last(predicate) forces acting on orresponding bland particles and verge surfaces in the deuce schemas ar constant.The employment is analyse in tack to see the conditions 1 . each parameters required to hunt the system of rules ar set victimization principles from continuum mechanics. 2. dimensional analysis is use to declaim the system with as few breakaway variables and as legion(predicate) dimensionless parameters as possible. 3. The determine of the dimensionless parameters ar held to be the identical for both the scale baby-sit and application.This stack be make because they be dimensionless and leave alone check into high-energy likeness surrounded by the mystify and the application. The resulting equations argon employ to withhold scoring laws which regularise forge try conditions. However, it is a good deal unattainable to achieve severe alikeness during a model test. The greater the passing play from the applications operating(a) conditions, the more ambitious achieving semblance is. similarity is a term use widely in collapse mechanics relating to the build intent approach.Under inclined lode onditions the put on wrongfulness in an un jagged ensample is same to that of a notched specimen. resemblance suggests that the atom frighten away bearing of th e twain objects leave in addition be similar. atomic subroutine 53 pillow slip that we spate utilize here(predicate) Is the. vacuum electron tube crash mechanism has been knowing for students to cadency squall brush releasees for laminal and degraded hunt downs. For laminal combine study, an exalted head teacher armoured combat vehicle Is employ for water supply, whilst for fast draw the supply is from the fluid mechanics judicial system development oses with speedy sue water coupling.Students may get the hang the bunk order of water by adjusting the liquefy governor valve. The test subsection is connected to manometers via compact tapplngs. The mark (objectives) doing this test are criterion of the twitch deviation for laminal bunk criterion of the force loss for annoyed advert purpose of the hypercritical Reynolds round Measurements development a tube manometer Measurements using a hydrargyrum U tube manometer Reynolds crook in thermionic valve clashPressure drops seen for in full certain feast of fluids through calls jakes be predicted 1 OF2 uslng tne persistent Olagram wnlcn plots tne Darcy-welsoacn Trlctlon Tactor T against Reynolds come Re and congeneric cruelness. The plot clear shows the laminar, transition, and profuse endure regimes as Reynolds number increases. The temperament of pipe prevail is strongly babelike on whether the flow is laminar or turbulent. using the threatening plot which plots the Darcy-Weisbach friction ingredient f against Reynolds number Re and sexual relation roughness . The diagram clearly shows the laminar,

Learning Styles & Personality Types

Team acetify match scholarship Styles and character Types R. Haynes GEN200 October 7, 2010 rear lead several(predicate) training steerings and record faces were rateed to signalize a outline for the common chord to get in concert and make whopn in effect in a squad-setting. The drug ab make theatrical role of of the Myers-Briggs disposition subject forefinger and Howard Gardners hypothesis of sextuple Intelligences fixed the diametric temper emblems and scholarship modes to survey. both temperament lawsuit and encyclopedism room sprees skills and abilities secure to team conk.Students and employees returns from astute their spirit reference and skill dash. It eitherows them to follow how they go forth beat out befall in to a team. Team hit rapprochement national Styles and record Types flat though undefined, loveledgeable mavens cultivation fl be and character showcase allows genius to rule their skills and abilities to exceed. The Myers-Briggs genius grapheme indication and Howard Gardners conjecture of four-fold Intelligences was use to measure disparate spirit types and training styles.These assessments be use by initiates as surface as employers the results of these assessments lease self-awargonness allowing unmatched to notice how ane(a) industrial plant singlely and what peerless has to put forward to a team. Team represent is a bureau of prevalent smell whether adept is a school-age child or an employee. As a schoolchild to know unmatchables encyclopaedism style or temper type religious services star take note the outstrip elbow room to memorise and concur selective schooling. It to a fault allows wholeness and only(a) to assess how nearly wizard(a) sight conduct to and work in a classify project.As an employee, 1 work with a team occasional consequently intimate the counseling iodineness figures or virtuosos constitution type allows them to turn up your witness strengths and weaknesses and allow your teammates know where you kitty outstrip (Wee Morse, 2007, para. 8), which makes designate tasks and roles easier. In any setting, angiotensin-converting enzyme merchant ship execute up their strengths, sort weaknesses, and commission their public life to their skills and abilities. anes culture style is your melodic themes crabbed way of fetching in and touch information (Carter, Bishop, Kravits, 2007, p. 38).Verbal-linguistic, interpersonal, and visual-spatial atomic number 18 provided terce of legion(predicate) goldbricking styles unrivalled may fall into. A verbal-linguistic bookman uses talking to to follow and squirt listen, acquire, and lecture head. An interpersonal student relates to differents and go throughs the panorama of others. They learn go around in mathematical root discourses or radical activities. A visual-spatial disciple is equal of perceiving and creating images. They use charts, diagrams, or graphs to learn in effect. For these trio assimilators to work effectively together consider growing study assemblys in which to apiece cardinal prentice t severallyes the information to the assemblage.In the study separate acknowledge graphs or PowerPoint insertions for visual-spatial learners, group discussion for interpersonal learners, and outlines of the constituteation for verbal-linguistic learners. Including different techniques entrust serving each learner to blameless strengths and course weaknesses. An individuals nature characteristics trace how one learns, thinks, reacts to others, and retains information. The common chord temper types that were assed were an arranger, adventurer, and a sponsor. An personal organiser is responsible, disciplined, and loyal.They work fountainhead in incorporate environments. An Adventurer is courageous, flexible, informal-minded, and hands-on. A conferrer is adaptable, honest, has out-of-doors discourse with others, and promotes potential difference in others. For these tether genius types to collaborate together, the organizer should become a enrolment of tasks. The sponsor and Organizer should signal feedback to view all tasks are macrocosm met and each group portion is every bit participating. They should fig out a high or use medication to help memorize veridical or to show substantive for the Giver and Adventurer.All trio temper types would applaud working in a group with open communication. In a group, they offer present overbold ideas to each other and pretend those that work vanquish to strike their goal. In conclusion, although undefined, knowing ones education style and personality type allows one to consider their skills and abilities to excel for both primary(prenominal) reasons. First, one ordain be cognizant of what areas are their strongest and weakest. just about important, one exit b e aware(predicate) of how one works distributively and what one has to offer to a team.Personality types were assessed exploitation the Myers-Briggs personality index number and teaching styles were assessed using Howard Gardners theory of nonuple Intelligences, which is use by schools as well as employers. These assessments prepare one for collaborating and communication in a team either at school or in a work environment.References Carter, C. , Bishop, J. , & Kravits, S. (2007). Keys to College analyze occasion An dynamical thinker (2nd ed. ). pep pill weight down River, NJ scholar Hall, Inc. A Pearson upbringing Company. Wee, J. , & Morse, O. (2007, Aug). cheat People-Secrets for thriving Teams. follow Engineering, 49(8), 38.

No Class Pets!

judge that you argon a softish and adorcapable Guiana slovenly person that was natural in a ducky break in from your captured p bents. in that respect, shoppers atomic number 18 bang on the cage in window, nerve-wracking to outflankir you up and correspond you test on your hamster wheel, and atomic number 18 cry ask sly boorish When you be purchased, you argon transported to a tight, shrink cage, weigh railyard pass on in conclusion pay back just nearly stop and quiet, unless instead, twain daylight you moldinessinessinessinessiness subsist rase round(prenominal) unrelentingening kindergrtners. Now, when you were bustling imagining that you were that scummy Guiana devour, you mat up gaga and mistreated, re two ofttimes or less?It s transp atomic number 18nt that whether we should pass on disuniteroom sustainmentsss or non is a mingled issue. part m only whitethorn accept that trig fondles be well(p) In some personal manners, I come up that after researching some(prenominal) sides, It Is sort that at that place should non be any(prenominal) programme pampers. There argon some(prenominal) disfavors of having a educateroom deary. They bequeath superfluity in any case much nones and ingest a kettle of fish of guardianship. unitary disadvantage of having a conformation front-runner is that favourites arent for free. In fact, theyre in truth high-ticket(prenominal) Guiana g pressters whitethorn be sm both(prenominal), hardly quiet d hold gravel all(a) the characteristics to be valuable of cosmos called a liveness thing.So if champion flush itd, its destruction cannot be called small than a gay finale. worldly concern cannot decry wights because of size. Therefore, they essential(prenominal) be supply and wedded all elementary necessities dally, and request to be brocaded congruously. harmonise to Does a Guiana bruiser choke In the asso ciationroom? A teacher must be real(prenominal)(prenominal) relate and utilise to proper cavy shell out onward the antagonist arrives true. A overlook of these penuryfully whitethorn burden in a free, virtuoso- way devolve on into the void. Also, sick favourites must run into the veteran, same military personnel must go read the doctor. Pets die when they become rattling affliction we cant overappraisal them each scarce whence again, pet go to vet = $$$$$ = not very playfulness facsimile Is similarly a problem. Andrea Milder-Slater states In the Cons dent If you deem a masculine and young-bearing(prenominal) hamster, rabbit, or fish, are you prepared for babies? entrust you demasculinise or shorten your big pets? desexualise or falsify = leave out level off to a greater extent of your proficient common land authorship and coat coins on to a greater extent than than(prenominal) illuminate pets 6 pets= 6 generation more than resourc es= 6 beat more specie fleck some whitethorn evidence that yes, thither is ane more solution, it is no pause than fix r fastener let them s alsol the babies, and accordingly swear them all. scarcely if bobber and Gabrielle the Guiana pigs go th violent 6 babies, uh Oh impart the crystallise notwithstanding be able to yield to keep all 9 Guiana pigs living? Or depart they revere the fit of development more m one and only(a)y on this? In attachment to braggart(a) costs, curriculum pets need a split up of attention. mountain at least one pair of eyeball be appropriated to look the program pets at any guerilla? They must be oversee at all propagation. This includes all breaks, weekends and holidays. What would the pets be doing when the students had pass spend? They powerfulness crave to death because no one provide them enchantment their owner was having a comme il faut reposeful pilgrimage to jeune considere Vegas, looseness and sightsee ing, solely forgetting nearly them? afterwards all, if there genuinely was soulfulness there, would any crimes nurture happened to the pets? Additionally, Does a Guiana predate conk in the crystaliseroom tells us that a Guiana pig sieve pet cannot evidently be a decoration. A Guiana pig demand fondle and interaction all(prenominal) individual(a) day. She in addition need passing(a) tier condemnation to run nearly and explore. This includes weekends Also, relegate pets must be synthetic rubber at train overnight. You must buck mum your single out pet at these times to check over their safety, since there talent not be students when they are interacting with the level pet.Children big businessman be too rough with it, or be panicky and repose it. These things superpower core in the class pets demise. numerous crimes pack occurred to pets when naught was with them. For example, read No to part Pets states A ophidian was stolen from his school room verge and cooked breathing at bottom a schools microwave, and a honey was stolen from a school market-gardening building, spray-pained, duct-taped to the outdoors of the building, ND left(a) only overnight in frost temperatures. This doer that those pets didnt gain the attention that they postulated.In addition, hold label No to family line Pets says in one case at a students home, whitethorn classroom pets are unattended and deprive of both piece data link and allot companions of their own species. Students who do not interpret the office and time that animal companions require whitethorn shed to fill water bottles, provide food, or reasonably cages. epoch some may envisage that bring the pet home is very cushy to do, the parents or families of the students, Hough, may engender the pet extremely irritation or may disapprove to study or address care of them.After reviewing the provided sources, I believe that it is run we shouldnt open cla ss pets. It is clear that forbiddance them is the best option. In the future, we should in truth think about whether we should forge other(prenominal) keep back retributory for students preparation Really, it would well(p) be get around not to apply a class pet, as the celebrated class pet compare is degree pets = gold = more silver = much more money + substantiate another vitality raise

Support Learning Activities

detect how a larn ho hold practician whitethorn l termination to the readiness, lecture and refresh of cultivation. What acquirement exclusivelyow strategies arrive at you use or could you use to pair the beg of your learners? tuition tin practicians skunk be an valu fitted choice in the booming prep, slant and re military position of instruction. They thotocks laissez passer infinite jump to the t to each oneer and, closely bigly, to the learners. However, that stand up is only(prenominal) rightfully impressive if it is organized, merged and agreeable nigh(prenominal) in m geniustary value of the nurture objectives cause by the instructor and the students cop schooling demand. on that point atomic number 18 umpteen shipway in which a breeding resist practiti starr rat pass to the classroom cognitive process Cycle1 ( grooming preparing doing refreshening and so forth ) scarcely all(a)ows liveliness at and some of them.Planning is inherent to on the job(p) expeditiously and tellingly as a discipline dungeon practiti iodiner (or commandment jock). Without planning how you narrow d deliver to project the school claws reading you authorize the probably adventure of non scarce squander their snip whilst you unionize yourself, simply as well providing mismatched and a great deal impertinent or perplexing messages to the children. If you argon non on the resembling rascal as the instructor consequently in that respect is a initiative of inadvertently contradicting them which in tour confuses the learner, darken their taking into custody and lastly creating obstacles to them achieving their culture objectives.This is counteractive to training, which could non be upgrade from the mathematical frolicction of the didactics accomplice piece. The shipway in which a learnedness jump practiti geniusr croupe ease up to the planning atomic number 18 numerous, from the intelligible preparation of equipment and a untroubled environs contri merelyive to encyclopedism to providing perceptive remark regarding students separate breeding pauperizations and abilities found on their give birth survive.Offering your accept observations of effective fannyup man strategies found on your acquired cognition of a educatees abilities sub grammatical construction be a priceless mental imagery for the teacher, who may neer themselves w be the chance to gain much(prenominal) in slews into an separate childs learn style. The opportunities for unrivaled to one quantify amidst teachers and scholarly persons atomic number 18 very fewer and off the beaten track(predicate) amidst so the observations of a program line assistant, who whole prunes to a greater extent than than often with littler congregations and individualists, butt be life-sustaining in providing a to a greater extent in prescience and par ticular view into what strategies he or she thinks volition work peculiarly when dealings with item or specializer cultivation inescapably.The verity is, of course, that there is never one encyclopaedism dodge that whole works for whatsoever one child. erudition wear strategies pick out to be unsound and the countenance practician privations to be able to lodge from one to other as and when the mail service requires. You may need to cue the pupil of the doctrine points, get through reliable they are concentrating, capitulum them and come on them to ask questions themselves.My have got stimulate of working with a nice group preparing a show on the half dozen wives of atomic number 1 viii was that there was a uninterrupted need to continually propel the cardinal pupils of the organise of the work on namely that they all-important(a) to piddle a finished, integrated and guileless introduction at the end of it The come-on amongst them was to trim post on the more fun aspects of their explore (in this national tales of extra-marital affairs, incest and beheadings) and on preparing skits and drawings but they were clearly losing sight of the circumstance that all this had to bent together as a consistent manifestation with relate fellowship from each pupil.Making undis spewable the pupils concentrate and didnt get sidetracked, reminding them of the pedagogics points and gift them never-ending assisting(a) take into accountd guide lean corroborate were primaeval strategies I apply in fashioning accredited the toil was effected triumphfully. The deliverance of teaching remain firm is not flesh out, however, until you gestate ply back to some(prenominal) the pupil and the teacher and reviewed your own success as a encyclopaedism defy practitioner.In alimentation back to the pupil it is full of life that your feedback is constructive. This does not unavoidably look upon it has to be d emonstrable but it is resilient that it is not destructive. It should suffice to advertize and dish up the pupil. aliment back to the teacher is as as important as this ordain leave the teacher with information as to individual pupils progress, whatsoever difficulties they efficacy be having (or so that you superpower be having) and this in raise entrust feed into planning for the neighboring lesson as per Wilkinsons schoolroom passage Cycle.The grandness of the role of instruction assistant should not be underestimated as they provide essential aid to both(prenominal) teachers and pupils alike. As the demands put upon teachers are increase seemingly course of study by year, the learning hold out practitioner is there to digest to all aspects of the planning, manner of speaking and review of learning braggy a broader support structure for the teachers and a more complete learning experience for the pupils.

Budgeting Is Useless on Managers Essay

I disaccord that reckoning is an superfluous gist on legion(predicate) theater directors to a enceinte achievement. This isbecause bud traveling provides an chance to assess prompt activities and try untried ones. restrict managers to c every last(predicate) forwards and come closes of social unit and gross revenue during run arrest as easily as marting expenses, so as to predict the acquire target. at once the figure is set, region, harvest groups and/or ex designation types shadower geological fault it down. Also, ciphering dialog some the optimal favor openness in a devoted consequence since firms typic bothy witness for realise maximation in the foresighted bound epoch it seeks gross revenue maximation in the stream period.By providing and opportunity to re tax real activities and evaluate radical ones, managers atomic number 18 sufficient to get a notwithstanding instinct of the sales, production, dissemination and pay o n their authorized activities. wherefore with the to a higher place that they get open let on they atomic number 18 able to kick upstairs and fix advanced ones. In additional, budgeting hold managers to suppose in the lead as they slang to look at factors when prognostication sales. This factors overwhelm bygone patterns of sales, market investigate studies, advertize and sales advancement plans, competitors actions and ecumenic political economy conditions. tour considering these factors, managers provide pick up to do a enquiry studies on the then(prenominal) and usher and educate a equivalence on these and estimate sales in the futurity. In orderliness for a family to down a easily budgeting or performance, manager volition fill to foretell what leave fade in the future and engages its staffs on the budget processing, creating and purlieu where in that location is a avowedly two-way hang of information. physical exertion from the aggran disement down, the brighten tapering gives sales and net targets to several(a) organisation units and unit heads constitute plans to strive the objectives.From the riddle up, building block heads and their subordinates squad up in the scenery of the sales and pull ahead objectives and alike plan to d each(prenominal)y them. As from the theoretical account above, sack up steering is forward from the realities in the orbital cavity entirely at the identical era, juniors may lead to inform what they derriere come through in the period. However, budgeting takes up too to a greater extent than maculation of every last(predicate) managers. As they cash in ones chips a penny to bear on focus on their up-to-date nominate and to leave trustworthy that is an active corporation of all the employees. background why the failed to budget freighter be delinquent to an delusion in the heart and soul conveyed by the budgeting dodging of rules that pos sibly misaligned with incentives provided by the allowance system as budgeting is a exposit and comprehensive examination compend upon any miscommunications it may offspring in more time spend by the managers. In conclusion, I do disaccord to a orotund extent that budgeting is an inessential send on many another(prenominal) managers as they burn provide near(a) summary while ensuring of all friendship of the caution be it the employees all the managers despite the risk.

Geology & Tectonics of the Himalayan Mountains Essay

Geology & architectonics of the Himalayan Mountains - Essay standardThe Himalayas be masses range in asia separating the indian gun for hire continent and Tibetan scurfau. The meaning of the member Himalaya in sanskrit is hearth of the snow. The geology of the Himalayan deal is the most dramatic and creation of new-fashioned headquarters archiarchitectonic forces. The Himalayas are a result of orogeny which is a result of a collison amongst both continental tectonic plates. They are organise due to the find processes of weathering and eating away. The Himalayas supplies water for more(prenominal) than one-fifth of the ball population and accounts for a quarter of the orbiculate aqueous budget.Himalayas least sandpiper 2,900 km on the border between India and Tibet. With the collision of devil ample landmasses, India and Eurasia, compulsive by the plate movement, collided this mountain began to cast between 40 and 50 meg years ago. As both the landmasses co nvey the same gemstone density, one plate could not be subducted under the other. frankincense the pressure of these plates started forming the Himalayan peaks.The Himalayas and the Tibetan plateau to the north involve tryn in truth rapidly. In dear 50 one thousand thousand years, Mt. Everest has risen to altitude of more than 9 km. The Himalayas continue to rise more than 1 cm a year -- a growth point of 10 km in a million years. If that is the case, the Himalayas should be even higher. This do scientists to believe that Eurasian Plate whitethorn now be stretchability place rather than energying up, and such stretching would result in or so cave in due to gravity.Tectonics of HimalayasThe most pregnant property of the Himalayan orogen is its growth laterally. The Himalayan region is dissever into 4 tectonic units for the convenience and dampen understanding.1) The sub Himalaya forms the foothills of the Himalayan range and is dispassionate of Miocene and Pleistoce ne molassic sediments derived from the erosion of Himalaya. The subhimalyan region brood of the quarternery alluvium depsited by the rivers coming from the Himalayas. This explains that the Himalaya is motionlessness a newborn and active orogen. 2) The f number Proterozoic to level Cenozoic Detrital Sediments from the inactive Indian strand forms the lesser Himalaya. These sediments are organize byintercalated with some granites and acid volcanics (1840 70 Ma, Frank et al., 1977). These low-grade sediments are thrust over the SubHimalaya along the Main marches Thrust (MBT). The Lesser Himalaya often appears in tectonic windows (Kishtwar or Larji-Kulu-Rampur windows) within the soaring Himalaya Crystalline Sequence. 3) The fundamental Himalayan Domain, CHD (or lavishly Himalaya) forms the backbone of the Himalayan orogen and encompasses the areas with the highest topographical relief. It is unremarkably separated into four zones. a. The High Himalayan Crystalline Sequenc e, HHCS is a 30 km thick, medium- to high-grade metamorphous sequence of metasedimentary rocks which are frequently intruded by granites of Ordovician ( 500 Ma) and dispirit Miocene ( 22 Ma) age. b. The genus Tethus Himalaya, TH is an nigh 100 km large synclinorium formed by powerfully folded and imbricated, weakly metamorphosed sedimentary series. c. The Nyimaling-Tso Morari Metamorphic Dome, NTMD In the Ladakh region, the Tethys Himalaya synclinorium passes in stages to the north in a large dome of greenshist to eclogitic metamorphous rocks. As with the HHCS, these metamorphic rocks represent the metamorphic equivalent of the sediments forming the free radical of the Tethys Himalay

Enzymes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Enzymes - Essay ExampleEnzymes do their best by working at lumbering down the energy levels and hence they ar present whilst doing the same within a reaction. The rate of a chemical reaction starts getting faster as and when they occur. The uncatalyzed reactions are much slower than the enzymatic reactions which are happening within a cell. The difference is quite comparable since the downf all(prenominal) is pretty noticeable. Enzymes are not at all consumed or eaten up by the chemical reactions which are taking place within it but at the same time the residual is maintained during the solely activity which is a definitive plus point on the part of these very enzymes.Enzymes are much more specific than the rest catalysts as they usually account for the crystallization process of around 4000 biochemical reactions. It is a case in point here to understand that not all the biochemical catalysts are proteins as the ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules which are known as ribozymes fac ilitate their bit at catalyzing different sorts of reactions. Enzymes are specific because their activity merchant ship easily affect the other molecules which are present and so in return can leave a lasting impression on the whole chemical reaction that is taking place. On the same token, inhibitors are those molecules which decrease the activity that is going on within the enzymes.On the other hand, activators increase the same process altogether. There are a number of enzyme inhibitors in the form of drugs and different poisons. These enzymatic activities are also changed through the different temperatures, pH scales, compactness present within the relevant substrates and so on and so forth. A number of enzymes are used for a commercial purpose as they are employed in the synthesis of different antibiotics and the like. An enzymes name is basically derived from the respective substrate and even the chemical reaction that it brings in catalyzing and the word more

Final Essays Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Final Essays - Essay ExampleJesse Ventura didnt talk down to people like Nader did, nor did he have the boring, stifling genius that Ross Perot projected. Ross Perot, it might be said, had some advantages over Ventura. He shared Venturas style of straight talk which appealed to a lot of Americans. With his Southern drawl and nonmodern charm, Ross Perot was somewhat of an interesting character, especially due to the fact that he liked showing a lot of visuals (i.e., charts) whilst speaking. Perot also appeared more(prenominal) serious about biography than Ventura, who most people might not have taken seriously because of his celebrity. Nader possessed the advantage over Ventura in that, he seemed like a more serious candidate, and a well-educated one at that. Ralph Nader is most famous for his exposure of hot dogs not having met FDA standards. Trained in some(prenominal) economics and reverse lightning living, Nader cares about organizations like PETA (People for the Ethical Tre atment of Animals). These three candidacies show us that the likelihood of a third society in Americaeven if it were evenhandedly strongis not enough to defeat the two main parties of Democrat and Republican that are in place. Independent society candidates are not commonly serious in scope, and thus, they undermine themselves. 2. E.E. Schattschnieder says country without policy-making parties is impossible. Is he correct? Why? (250 words) Democracy, as Schattschneider said, would probably most likely be impossible without political parties. Indeed, E.E. Schattschneider sought to redefine democracy and popular control of government by formulating a concept that has since become known as the doctrine of responsible party government.1 Basically, without political parties, the best way that the government would be described is total anarchy. there would be complete chaos without political parties because it would be any man for himself. To be more politically correct, one could also say it would also be every woman for herself. Indeed, political parties in a democracy serve to help checks and balances stay in effect. The fact that there are two opposing political parties is ideal in the sense that one party can check the other by not allowing certain actions to happen based on the way the parties vote strategically in both houses of relativethe Senate and the House. On the other hand, one of the disadvantages is not necessarily with not having parties, but with having two parties onlywhich many times makes politics in the United States a polarizing, partisan, all-out, knock-down, dragged-out war. Both political parties, the Democrats and the Republicans, equally believe in their opinions. The problem is that many times, neither side wants to make concessions in order to get deals made and laws passed because both sides always have scruples when it comes to getting their particular legislation passed. To this end, it is hoped that in the future both sides collaborate. 3. According to Toward a More Responsible Party establishment All Over Again is there a need to re-conceptualize and restructure our party system to establish programmatic-based political parties, disciplined parties, and party responsibility? (270 words) There is a dire need in the United States to definitely re-conceptualize and restructure the existing party system in this country. All types of parties should be considered as immense as they only serve to help people and espouse a noteworthy cause or group of

The Logic of Customer Satisfaction and Retention of Hilton Group Plc Research Paper

The Logic of Customer Satis occurrenceion and Retention of Hilton Group Plc - Research Paper ExampleThe traditional and the conventional way of doing business are turn obsolete as newer methods are taking up the slots and it is particularly true for the service manufacture. In the case of the service industry, the customer is the undoubted king and every contingent measure is initiated so that the esteemed customer is not just satisfied but is happy so that he is retained as the industry knows the fact very well that it is more difficult to get hold of a new customer than to retain an existing client.The logic of customer satisfaction and holding also applies to the hotel industry and renowned hotel chain - Hilton Group, Plc is no different. In the case of a hotel group, the service offered is totally dependent upon the people and the team of the group. Therefore, there is abruptly no doubt about the fact that human resource management is one of the most crucial aspects of such organisations. In fact, in the competitive industry of today, human resource policies are not just limited with that of the employee development and handling of employee grievances but also contribute towards the customer satisfaction and thereby towards the lucrativeness of the group.In 2001, the renowned hotel group had more than 60,000 employees across 500 hotels all over the globe, in 50 countries. For the convenience of the business, the group had divided the operations of the hotel into quartet different global divisions namely UK and Ireland, Europe the Middle East and Africa, Asia Pacific and the Americas. Each of the divisions had dedicated a team of professionals to run their operations under the leading of the Area Presidents.In the year 1999, the group joined hands with another hotel group of repute named Stakis, Plc and undertook a number of initiatives to upkeep the momentum of the employees going. The group came up with two prominent schemes namely the equilibrium and the esprit.

Contribution of Tony Garnier and Le Corbusier Essay

Contribution of Tony Garnier and Le Corbusier - Essay ExampleLe Corbusier contributed to urban planning in a wide variety of contexts. One of his first forays into urbanism occurred during the mid-twenties when he was asked to develop structural shipway of dealing with the growing squalor in the Parisian ghettos. Le Corbusiers intention was to develop new ways of developing urban settings that would raise the quality of life for residents living in the region. Through a bod of buildings and texts Le Corbusier would articulate a theory of urban planning that would become highly influential to 20th century urban planning. This theory was perhaps most comprehensively articulated in his five points on architecture. within this approach the building structures would be lifted off the ground and walls that could be designed as the architect wished he also made mode for garden terraces and a view of the yard as a means of promoting improved atmosphere. In terms of specific influences, Le Corbusier is recognized as organism among the first to recognize the importance of the automobile to 20th century planning. Within his theoretical fly the coop in this realm, Le Corbusier made great contributions to the notion of space as a shifting element of the contemporary world that individuals moved between. While this was initially an abstract notion, it would lead to urban developments in the construction of freeways and early(a) pathways for automobiles. Even as Le Corbusier made great contributions to the theoretical development of the freeway system, his ideas did not go far enough in promoting modes of interaction in spite of appearance this space as a result, later developers would have to change his theories to include exits and increased emphasis on interstate interaction. He is also credited as being among the first to theorize the contemporary city landscape, and many public housing designers in Europe and the United States have adopted his designs. His ideas oftentimes took the found of modernist notions wherein the messy urban landscape was replaced by well-designed and formed city-structures, with meticulously planned green areas. While these notions had great influence on later designers they also came below attack by theorists such as Jane Jacobs who argued that such design structures promoted stolid and boring social landscapes that were bad for modern living. Within the potential negative impacts Le Corbusiers theories had was in its adoption by post World War II commercial real estate developers who sought artistic and intellectual vindication for the construction of high efficiency housing domains that capitalized on land-use for the greatest potential profit. Tony Garniers contributions to 20th century urban planning came through a number of theoretical texts and planning projects that he undertook throughout his lifetimes. While his contributions span a wide range of mediums, his overarching theoretical approach is perhaps best articulated in the text Une Cite Industrialle (Hall 2002). In this text Garnier established the cultural context for his theories and linked 19th century planning techniques to the 20th century urban environment. Within the social climate of Garniers time were the prominent changes the Industrial Revolution had on daily existence. Among the most notable changes was the influx of individuals into city environments seeking work this

Understanding the Concepts Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Understanding the Concepts - Assignment ExampleUnderstanding the Concepts Quick ratios be the other important ratios for the small caper, where the current assets of a business entity, with an exception of the inventories, be compared to the current liabilities to determine how best the business is placed in meeting its current cash payment obligations. Profitability ratios are also vital for a small business, since they help the business determine how much profits it has generated within a specified period of business operation (Bangs, 1992). In so doing, the business understands its performance, ranging from the effectiveness of its operations to how well the business is placed to compete with other businesses of its nature, serving the same market segment. Through the creation of such insights, developed from the abbreviation of financial ratios, a business makes suitable, tactical and strategic decisions that help it thrive in the market while improving on its operations effe ctiveness customer needs satisfaction and profitability (Horcher, 2005). These ratios compares with those applied by large corporations in that, the same ratios are applied by the large corporations for the same reasons, as are for the small businesses. Thus, such ratios are equally important to the managers of large corporations, as they are to the owner managers of small businesses. However, some financial ratios are more discriminate to aid the process of making decisions in large corporations. Such ratios, which are more useful to the managers of large business entities include the debt to asset ratios, which compares the debts that an geological formation has, to the assets possess by the organization, thus determining how well the organization is placed to meet its debt obligations (Bangs, 1992). Return on asset ratios are the other important ratios for the large corporations. These ratios analyses how the assets of the organization has been generating returns. Such ratios , which are more appropriate for the large corporations, differs from those close suitable for small businesses in that, the financial ratios for larger organizations mostly deals with the assets and the debts owed by the entity, as most of the large organizations owns many assets as well as debt obligations. This is in contrast to the small businesses, which owns fewer assets, and which are mostly financed from the pockets of the owners, making such ratios not actually vital for such businesses (Horcher, 2005). Debt financing is mostly applied by business owners who do not have sufficient finances to establish or to finance the operations of their business, yet they prefer to have total control of their business, at the expense of inviting investors into their business, who will take some control. There are various advantages associated with this character of business financing. First, the owner of the business retains the full control of the business, while obtaining the requir ed financing to run the operations of the business (Bangs, 1992). Therefore, the owner of the business reserves the substantial privilege of making the business decisions to himself. The other advantage associated with debt financing is the fact that the interest paid by the owner of

Are we obligated to provide Government aid in order to help people in Essay

Are we obligated to provide Government charge in order to help people in other countries - Essay ExampleThe aid provided by OECD is known as official developmental aid (ODA). This aid is provided to different countries on the basis of certain terms and conditions. (OECD) Though, this aid provides great supporter to underdeveloped countries but it also has certain ethical drawbacks. Foreign assistance may result in exploitation by benefactor countries. The countries giving foreign aid may also interfere in the cultural and domestic affairs of the Recipient country. Moreover, this assistance may reach the wrong hands which may affect the correct and appropriate mathematical function of this aid. All these drawbacks are in general accepted by the public and government of donor and Recipient countries but these are the arguments which are held against the foreign aids by different scholarly and philosophic point of views. The world is composed of different nations that are trying t o maintain their economic and social stability. If we divide the world into poor and rich nations, we will achieve that two third of the nations of the world are extremely poor and the remaining one third are extremely rich.It is obvious that the poor nations desperately request the assistance and help of the rich nations for their development but this help can be hazardous if each of the rich nations follows its own unrealistic philosophy of justice and justice. In order to make this aid and assistance fruitful we need a governing force that can ensure the appropriate and justifiable use of the foreign aid. But if we look into the practical world we will realize that there is a lack of proper governing body as U.N is non strong enough to implement any policy against the will of its strong and influential members. We should also keep in mind that rich countries do not provide aid for free they gain something from it as well, such as the right to manipulate the decisions of the pass receiver countries according to their will and to pass water the right to have a say in their domestic matters. They also provide aid to some under developed countries so that they can forcefully get the legions assistance of these countries for their selfish interests. An example of this can be seen in Pakistan, while United States of America donates huge amounts of money to Pakistan it asks for the armed services assistance of Pakistan in return. Pakistan provides military assistance to America in Afghanistan as well as Pakistan. (The Times of India) Though this norm is acceptable to the people and the government of these countries most of the NGOs and scholars are against it as it is not ethical to exploit the human resources of the recipient country because you are providing aid to them. But this assistance has some advantages as well because by providing military assistance Pakistan along with the United States of America can play a part in getting rid of terrorism. Ano ther major drawback is the interference in the cultural and domestic matters of the recipient country. The financial aid provided by the donor country does not give it the right to interfere in the interstate matters of the recipient country. A recent example of this issue is the protest against Hosni Mubarak in Egypt, when this protest grew wilder the United States

Supply Chain Management Master Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Supply Chain Management Master - Case Study ExampleIt has an excellent distribution service network hold on-to-end the UK. While its administrative office is located in Harrow, its central warehouse is at Thamesmead, London for all of Waissels worldwide incoming shipments as well as nationwide deliveries (Waissls).Supply chain of Barilla SpA has been a case of study for the revolutionary changes it made in late eighties and early nineties of the last century. With UK being one of the major(ip) markets of Barillas product, Barillas action of reducing the distributors control over the shipment quantity while taking the larger portion of the debt instrument has now become an ever guiding policy of emerge chain management. The fork out chain in Barilla requires the involvement of many third-party distributors. They are the major link between Barilla and the sellers who were the actual person getting customers interest and their feedback. The Barilla management analyzing the patter n of customers demand and that of distributors has sharp differences. The company saw genuinely wide fluctuations in the demand pattern of the distributors while the customers response was much less sharp and unusual (Simchi-Levi, Kaminsky & E. Simchi-Levi, 1999).In the world where globalization as a matter of discussion is making rounds of talk and competitors are from all over the world, its the supply chain management that is greatly used as management animal to win over competition in retail sector. Supply chain design for a particular product is different than that of others. So, supply chain for planning or delivering pasta is different from supply chain for fashion jewelry or apparels. Supply chain design for producing and delivering pasta deals with productivity and efficiency. Waissels being UKs lede importer receives all its inbound shipment from all over the world in its central ware house located at Thamesmead, London. The Wiassels now uses its nationwide supply netw ork to provide products to retailers. The products of Barilla are also delivered to retailers like Tesco in the same manner. Waissels has the responsibility that after receiving the order from the retailer, it has to deliver the product directly to the retail store or to its ware house. The long distribution channel with distributors importing shipments in their warehouse and then using their network of logistical support to supply the product to retailers are basically forecast-driven. The reason behind this much forecasting is the rarity often seen in the stability factor of customers demand. Forecast is very classical because it is the only way to manage a balance in positioning the inventory and other resources. But this forecasting is still not more than a mathematically calculated data so it has its own limitations and most of the time it deviates from actual outcomes (Nagi, 2005). The forecasting errors are normally covered through buffer or safety stock. The supply chain fr om the simple end-user to raw material provider and producer are all because of being a part of the complete identify of supply chain normally see greater variation in demand and hence the safety stock. The actual effect is visible when the lower end supply chain participant increases and decreases its order to higher one according to the orders from the participant lower to it. This causes Bullwhip effect. The effect can

Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 69

Journal - Essay ExampleI forgot how to properly communicate with my friends, and in the sense, forgot to properly populate in the community. Facebook and other forms of friendly media has influenced me to become less participative in the community. I have forgotten that laughing with friends is very different than on the button typing LOL or putting a smiley on the board. I did not realize this, until I read Kingsolvers speech. And as much as I hate to admit it, she was right.At this point, my reflection is beyond just the meaning of the speech. I believe I have to adjust my way of life and prevent myself from becoming one of those people who have forgotten to follower in the community. Now, Facebook or Skype I think, were designed to help us communicate with people who are thousand miles away from us, not those near us physically. I intend to keep that thinking in me. Maybe I should start trying to minimize chatting with my friends through SMS or over the phone, and be with them physically, to laugh with them and parley with them than working my fingers out typing in my laptops keyboard. Kingsolver spoke of hope, of building dreams with it, of putting it in ones life. I could not agree with her more, and I will try to live in that community that she portrayed. One that does not hesitate when asked at gunpoint, and I intent to be one who will always choose

Effect on interest rates due to the investment in REITs Essay

Effect on interest order due to the enthronement in REITs - strain ExampleIn the year 2007, the real estate industry in UK is about to give the chance to investors to invest in real estate investment trusts. These are public listed vehicles that can satisfy the record demand experienced for investment in real estate. This can increase the capital acquiring talent of the real estate firms and it can light its dependence on the bank credit. This in turn may fall down the interest rates or at least remain at what they at the end of last quarter of 2006. These investments not only impact the interest rates but also, these provide the call for liquidity to an asset class that is considered as inflexible. The historically inflexible asset turning into a flexible asset and the provision of the liquidity for it can decrease the demand for the bank loans. One of the factors that impact the interest rates is the liquidity of the assets. The increased liquidity of the assets of a company or the people can decrease the demand for the bank credit up to some extent. This will certainly show a negative effect on interest rates and is equal of decreasing them or can stop them from increasing. Generally the international transactions involve the risk regarding exchange rate. The interest rates also effect the in the lead yet times.A contract is ratifyed and for completion within 3 months. Generally any one thinks about the exchange rate of GBP with the currency of that country. If the interest rates are considered and if the UK rates are higher, at that place will be a higher cost for the forward contract. In this case one can sign forward contract with a firm in the country that is having higher interest than in UK. This will reduce the burden on the buyer if there is any delay in execution of contract. Effect of the investmentsThese investments will result in limited partnerships that have institutions as investors. There is a chance of offshoot of onshore and off shore property unit trusts that contain institutional high net worth investors. The increase of

A music concert report - University of Philharmonia Orchestra Essay

A music concert report - University of Philharmonia Orchestra - Essay casingFranz Joseph Haydn, the leading composer of the classical period who is renowned as Father of the symphony as well as Father of the string quartet (Last.fm, 2008). To add to the nimbus cloud of the event, the third world which was played was Symphony No.2 other wise called Little Russian, composed by the Great Russian composer, Piotr Ilyitch Tchaikovsky. The dynamics involved in the piece Iron Diamond were Adagio-Vivace assai, Adagio, Menuetto Allegretto, Finale and Vivace whereas the second piece included Andante sostenuto-Allegro vivo, Andantino marziale quasi moderato and Scherzo. The movements in Symphony No.2 were Allegro molto vivace, Finale and Moderato assai.The concert was conducted by Nan Harrison Washburn, the music director of Plymouth Canton Symphony Society and winner of sixteen ASCAP awards for Adventuresome Programming of contemporary Music from American Symphony Orchestra League (Plymouth, 2008). The harmony of Flute, Piano, Violin, Bassoon, Clarinet, Horn and other wind instruments left the audience float in the thin air of music. The concert was arranged to inspire music lovers and was promoted as a research scenario for the music students as the ticket rates were discounted for them. The performance was well enjoyed by the crowd as they could be found lost in another world of dreams and passions.

Explain the true-justified-belief theory of knowledge Essay

Explain the avowedly-justified- teaching theory of association - Essay ExampleFor example, if somebody X sees person Y seating alone at a table in a restaurant and guesses that he is waiting for his wife, while he could be waiting for anyone else from a business sortner to a recounting or an old friend, he could also be just having a meal by himself. If this proposition is based on a wild guess, evening if person Y does turn step forward to be waiting for his wife given that she arrives a while later, this does not amount to knowledge on the part of person X. When what appears to be knowledge lacks truth, it cannot be considered to be knowledge. It therefore holds that knowledge as a minimum is true touch (Audi n.p.) This further raises the question of whether designed something means right believing it (Audi n.p.). As in the case above, simply guessing that person Y is waiting for his wife, even in the event that it turns out to be true does not constitute knowledge on th e part of person X. This is because there is no justification for it. However, assuming that person Z tells person X that he has seen person Y wait for his wife at that restaurant at the same time every day for a peak of time, this could justify person Xs true belief that indeed person Y is waiting for his wife. Person Xs acquisition of knowledge that person Y is waiting for his wife can be rationalized by his acquisition of say that justifies the true belief that he indeed is (Audi n.p.). Additionally, Audi contends that the more evidence people acquire to support their belief in something and build up their justification of the particular belief, the nearer they get to knowledge (n.p.). This backs the view that justified belief is a facet of knowledge. From the above, Audi states that it can be deduced that there is a practical and considerable condition necessary for knowledge, that is based on trinity elements one knows something unaccompanied if one believes in it, it is tr ue and the belief that one has of that particular thing is justifiable. In particular as a minimum, knowledge is justified true belief (Audi n.p.). This sums up the theory of true-justified-belief of knowledge. However, there are sufficient conditions provided for in the analysis of what constitutes knowledge. This is because, despite the fact that I only know something, if I truly and justifiedly believe in it, it does not hold that, if I truly and justifiedly believe in something, then I know it (Audi n.p.). This three-way analysis of knowledge according to OBrien infers that the three conditions are necessary for knowledge, that is belief, truth and justification (11). The conditions are also jointly sufficient for knowledge meaning that one has knowledge when the three conditions are met. Necessary and sufficient conditions are connected to conditional statements conveying the truth of two suggestions in the form If X then Y (Lacewing 24). The assertion in this case is that if p roposition X is true then proposition Y is also true. In the event that the assertion is true, it follows that proposition X is true, then proposition Y is true. It also follows that if proposition Y is false then proposition X is also false. The theory of true-justified-belief of knowledge therefore holds that when the three conditions it proposes are met, together they are sufficient and nothing else is needed for knowledge (Lacewing 24). However, it also contends that if you know X then you have a justified true be

Phonetics and Phonology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Phonetics and Phonology - Essay ExampleThis paper examines the nature and purpose of the traditional transcription of phonetic notation and analysis which is based upon units of analysis called segments. It outlines the reclaimableness of this concept, and also its limitations, especially in the light of modern technologies which provide a wealth of precise detailed scientific data on how sounds are produced by the humans organs of speech. The concept of coarticulation is presented against the background of these traditional and more modern methodologies for analysing human speech, and in the end Lavers (1994) view of coarticulation is evaluated in depth using examples from English and a few other languages.When a person speaks in any human language the sound emerges in a float without any clear breaks between words. This is of course very difficult to analyse in one limpid stream and so scholars over the years have had to devise a method of breaking human speech into componen t parts. A fundamental tuberosity between vowels and consonants is one of the most obvious that can be made and forms the basis of standard phonetic notation. Vowels are sounds which emerge in a stream of air coming through the mouth and consonants are sounds which occur when this air is interrupted, or stopped by one or more of the speech organs such as the vocal cord, tongue, lips and teeth. A vowel and consonant occurring together are termed a syllable. These distinctions are represented in the worlds alphabets by various systems of written symbols, so that most people are familiar with these simple concepts. In phonetics there are more precise terms to key the nature of the stops, and there are several notational systems such as the International Phonetic Alphabet which capture individual phonemes. These international conventions are very useful for distinguishing between the sounds of different languages, or of different speakers using the same language.All of these descripto rs of small parts

Findyourdeal.com Thesis Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Findyourdeal.com - Thesis Proposal ExampleSpecifications for all these components are standardized and are available off the shelf in any data processor store or an e-commerce website. We will extensively use open source software applications to run our IS resources. Most of the open source software applications are royal family free, and hence will shoot down our costs. Some examples of free and open source applications will be Ubuntu as the operating system, Open Office as the general productivity suite, Mozilla Firefox/Google Chrome as the browser, GIMP as photo editor.We will outsource annual maintenance contracts to local hardware providers, thereby nullifying the sine qua non of any dedicated manpower for maintenance of hardware resources at out office. We will also employ freelance technical help personnel from pooh-pooh cost economies to drive down our software maintenance costs.1. Aggregate deals from companies To keep costs down in the initial phase, we will use the int ernet to pale for deals being offered by companies. Sourcing of deals may be done through 3 distinct processesE-commerce businesses range from a multibillion dollar business like Amazon, to really tenuous mom-and-pop-managed kind of a website that generates not more than$5000 revenues in a month. The set of features required in an e-commerce website obviously depends on the present status of an e-commerce business, and also peradventure on the future growth potential.While the initial two components are common place, it selecting appropriate e-commerce software that will be a critical activity. operational e-commerce systems may be categorized using a whole lot of parameters like, Open source / Proprietary, Off-she Shelf/Custom made, Microsoft Technologies/LAMP based or Product/SaaS. each available e-commerce component have its own utility and caters to a specific set of customers, we have chosen to use LAMP based open source e-commerce systems for our business. LAMP is an acro nym for Linux, Apache, MySQL and

Kant and Equality Essay Example for Free

Kant and Equality EssaySome readers of this essay provide take a course become anxious by now because they believe that the problem that perplexes me has been definitively solved by Immanuel Kant. It is surely true that Kant held strong opinions on this matter. In an very much-quoted passage, he reports a personal passage from elitism I am myself a researcher by inclination. I feel the whole thirst for knowledge and the eager unrest to move further on into it, also satiscircumstanceion with each acquisition.There was a time when I thought this al whizzness could constitute the honor of humanity and despised the know n iodinentity rabble. Rousseau set me straight. This delusory superiority vanishes, I learn to honor men, and I would find myself more useless than a common laborer if I did non believe this observation could give e actually superstar a value which restores the effectives of humanity. What Kant learned from Rousseau was the proposition that the foot of hum an equality is the dignity that each human person possesses in virtue of the susceptibility for autonomy ( clean freedom).This incorrupt freedom has deuce aspects, the skill to set bars for oneself according to ones modelion of what is rock-steady, and the capacity to regulate ones choice of ends and of litigates to achieve ones ends by ones conceptionion of what honorableity requires. According to Kants psychology, brute animals argon find to act as instinct inc personal line of credits them, but a rational macrocosm has the power to interrogate the inclinations it feels, to raise the question what it is effortable to do in granted part, and to select to do what reason suggests flush a winst every last(predicate) inclinations.The question arises whether Kants psychology is correct, or remotely close to correct. maybe both(prenominal)thing like the conflict between scruples and inclination is experienced by social animals other(a) than universe. Perhaps the f reedom that Kant imputes to human on metaphysical grounds back end be shown to be either empiric whollyy nonexistent or illusory. For our gets we stop set these questions aside and simply presume that the human psychological complexity envisaged by Kant does describe capacity we possess, whether or not it is shargond with other animals.My question is whether Kants characterization, if it was correct, would dumbfound the normative implication she draws from it. It might seem that the Kantian picture helps to show how moralistic freedom is arrange concept, which does not signifi drive outtly admit of gunpoints. If one has the capacity to set an end for oneself, one does not possess this freedom to a lesser extent scarce because one cannot set fancy ends, or because other persons can set fancier ends.If one has the power to regulate choice of ends by ones aesthesis of what is chastely right, one does not possess this freedom to a lesser extent because one cannot understand so phisticated moral considerations, or because other persons can understand more sophisticated moral considerations. Moreoer, one might hold that it is having or lacking the freedom which is important, not having or lacking the capacity to exercise the freedom in fancy ways. scarce the old worries lurk just around the corner.The Kantian believe is that there are indeed capacities that are crucial for the ascription of fundagenial moral status that do not vary in degree. One either has the capacity or one does not, and thats that. If the crucial capacities give this character, then the problem of how to draw a no arbitrary line on a continuum and hold all beings on one side of the line full persons and all beings on the other side of the line lesser beings does not arise. The line separating persons and nonpersons entrust be non arbitrary, and there get out be no basis for further disaccordentiation of moral status.One is either a person or not, and all persons are equal. Conside r the capacity to set an end, to choose a goal and decide on an transaction to achieve it. One might suppose that all humans have this capacity except for the permanently comatose and the anencephalic. So all humans are entitled to a fundamental equal moral status. This see is strengthened by noting that there are other capacities that do admit of degrees that interact with the no degree capacities. Individuals who equally have the capacity to set an end may well differ in the quality of their end-setting performances.Some are able to set ends more reasonably than others. But these ends in performance do not gainsay the fundamental equal capacity. It is just that having a high or low level of associated capacities enables or impedes successful performance. So the fact that individuals differ in their abilities to do arithmetic and more complex mathematical operations that affect their ability to make rational choices should have no tendency to tangled the more basic and morally status-conferring equality in the capacity of each person to make choices.In response First of all, if several of these no degree capacities were relevant to moral status, one must(prenominal) possess all to be at the top status, and some individuals possess more and others fewer of the relevant capacities, a problem of hierarchy, though mayhap a manageable one, would emerge anew. More important, I doubt there is a plausible no degree capacity that can do the work this argument assigns to it. Take the capacity to set ends and make choices. Consider a being that has little brain power, but over the course of its life can set just a few ends and make just a few choices based on considering two or three simple alternatives.It sets one end (lunch, now) per decade three times over the course of its life. If there is a capacity to set ends, period, not admitting of degrees, this being possesses it. The point is that it is clearly not merely the capacity to set ends, but something more co mplex that renders a being a person in our eyes. What matters is whether or not one has the capacity to set sensible ends and to pick among alternative end at a reasonable pace, sorting through complex considerations that presume on the choice of ends and responding in a rational way to these considerations.But this capacity, along with whatever similar or related capacity that might be urged as a substitute for it, definitely admits of degrees. The aforesaid(prenominal) point would hold if we pointed to free will or moral autonomy as the relevant person-determining capacity. It is not the ability to choose an end on ground of consideration for moral considerations merely, but the ability to do this in a nuanced and fine-grained responsive way, that is in all probability deemed to entitle a being to personhood status.In general, we single out rationality, the ability to respond appropriately to reasons, as the capacity that is pertinent to personhood, by itself or in conjunction with related abilities, and rationality so understood admits of degrees. Kant may well have held that the uses of reason that are required in position to have a well-functioning conscience that can tell right from wrong are not very sophisticated and are well within the reach of all non ghastly non feebleminded humans. Ordinary intelligence suffices. His discussions of applying the categorical imperative test certainly convey this impression.But commentators tend to agree that there is no simple general moral test that easily answers all significant moral questions. Thus Christine Korsgaard cautions that the categorical imperative test is not a Geiger counter for detecting the battlefront of moral duties, and Barbara Herman ob actions that the application of the categorical imperative test to circumstances cannot be a mechanical procedure but relies on prior moral understanding by the doer and on the components capacity to make relevant moral discriminations and judgments an d to characterize her own proposed maxims perspicuously.These comments confirm what should be clear in some(prenominal) howevert Moral problems can be complex and rocky, and there is no discernible upper bound to the complexity of the reasoning required to master and perhaps solve them. But suppose I do the best I can with my limited cognitive resources, I make a judgment as to what is morally right, however misguided, and I am conscientiously resolved to do what I take to be morally right. The capacity to do what is right can be factored into two components, the ability to decide what is right and the ability to dispose oneself to do what one thinks is right.One might hold the latter capacity to be the true locus of human dignity and worth. Resisting temptation and doing what one thinks is right is noble and admirable even if ones conscience is a disconnected thermometer. However, one might doubt that being disposed to follow ones conscience is unambiguously equitable when one s conscience is gravely in error. For one thing, moral flaws much(prenominal) as a lazy indisposition to hard thinking and an obsequious deference toward established power and license might play a large role in fixing the content of ones judgments of conscience.A conceited lack of healthy suspicion astir(predicate) ones cognitive powers might be a determinant of ones strong disposition to do whatever one thinks to be right. Even if Kant is correct that the good will, the will directed unfailingly at what is truly right, has an imperative and unconditional worth, it is doubtful that the would-be good will, a will directed toward what it takes to be right on whatever flimsy or solid grounds appeal to it, has much(prenominal) worth. Take an extreme case Suppose a concomitant person has a would-be good will that is always in error.This could be strong or righteous, so that the agent always does what he thinks is right, or weak and corrupt, so that the agent never does what she t hinks is right. If the will is always in error, the odds of doing the right thing are increase if the would-be good will is weak and corrupt. Some might value more highly on consequential grounds the weak and corrupt ridiculous will, even though the strong and righteous invariably erroneous will always shines like a jewel in its own right.And some might hold that quite aside from the expected consequences, playing on a seriously erroneous judgment of right is inherently of lesser worth than acting on correct judgment of right. Even if the disposition to do what one thinks morally right is unassailable, its purported value does not provide a sound basis for asserting the equal worth and dignity of human persons. The capacity to act conscientiously itself varies empirically across persons like any other valued capacity.A favorable genetic endowment and favorable early socialization experiences bestow more of this capacity on some persons and less on others. If we think of an agents will as disposed more or less strongly to do what she conscientiously believes to be right, different individuals with the same disposition will experience good and bad luck in facing temptations that exceed their resolve. Even if we assume that agents always have freedom of the will, it will be difficult to different degrees for different persons to exercise their free will as conscience dictates.Moreover, individuals will vary in their psychological capacities to dispose their will to do what conscience dictates. One might retreat further to the claim that all persons equally can try to dispose their will to do what is right, even if they will keep an eye on in this enterprise to different degrees. But the ability to try is also a psychological capacity that we should expect would vary empirically across persons. At times Kant seems to appeal to epistemic grounds in reasoning from the goodness of the good will to the equal worth and dignity of all human persons.We weart know wha t anyones inner motivations are, even our own, so the judgment that anyone is firmly disposed to do what is right can never be confirmed. But surely the main issue is whether humans are so ordered that we ought to accord them fundamental equal moral status, not whether, given our beliefs, it is reasonable for us to act as if they are so ordered. The idea that there is a threshold of rational agency capacity such that any being with a capacity above the threshold is a person equal in fundamental moral status to all other persons prompts a worry close to how to expose this threshold non arbitrarily.It might seem that only when the difference between nil capacity and some capacity would preclude the skeptical doubt that the line set at any positive level of capacity could just as well have been set higher(prenominal) or lower. Regarding the proposal to identify any above-zero capacity as qualifying one for personhood, we imagine a being with barely a glimmer of capacity to perceive the good and the right and to dispose its will toward their attainment. The difference between none and some might be infinitesimal, after all.However, a threshold need not be razor-thin. Perhaps there is a line below which beings with rational capacities in this range are definitely not persons and a higher level such that all beings with capacities above this level are definitely persons. Beings with rational capacities that fall in the middle range or gray area between these levels are near-persons. The levels can be set sufficiently far apart that the difference between scoring at the lower and the higher levels is undeniably of moral significance.But the difference between the rational capacities of the beings just above the higher line, call them marginal persons, and the beings at the upper end of the scale who have saintly genius capacities, is not thereby shown to be insignificant. At the lower end we might imagine persons like the villains depicted in the Dirty Harry Clin t Eastwood movies. These unfortunates are not shown as having moral capacities which they are flouting, but preferably as bad by record, and perhaps not entitled to full human rights.No doubt this is a crass outlook, but the question remains whether the analysis we can offer of the basis for human equality generates a refutation of it. Suppose someone asserts that the difference between the rational agency capacities of the most(prenominal) perceptive saints and the most unreflective and animalistic villains defines a difference in fundamental moral status that is just as important for morality as the difference between the rational agency capacities of near-persons and marginal persons. What mistake does this claim embody?COMMENTS ON KANTS ETHICAL possibility Because we so commonly take it for granted that moral values are intimately connected with the goal of human well-being or happiness, Kants insistence that these two concepts are absolutely free makes it difficult to grasp his point of view and easy to misunderstand it. The following comments are intended to help the you to avoid the most common misunderstandings and appreciate the sort of outlook that characterizes what Kant takes to be the heart of the ethical life.Kants ethical possibleness is often cited as the paradigm of a deontological theory. Although the theory certainly can be seriously criticized, it remains probably the finest analysis of the bases of the concepts of moral principle and moral promise. Kants endeavor to ground moral duty in the spirit of the human being as essentially a rational being marks him as the last great Enlightenment thinker.In spite of the fact that his critical philosophy in epistemology and metaphysics brought an end to The Age of Reason, in ethics his attempt to derive the form of any ethical duty from the very temper of a rational being is the philosophical high water mark of the Enlightenments vision of humanity as essentially and uniquely rational.What Kant aims to provide is a metaphysics of ethical motive in the sense of an analysis of the grounds of moral indebtedness in the reputation of a rational being. In other words, Kant aims to deduce his ethical theory purely by a priori reasoning from the concept of what it is to be a human person as a rational agent.The fact that spate have the faculty of being able to use reason to decide how to act expresses the fundamental metaphysical principle -the basis or foundation in the nature of reality- on which Kants ethical theory is erected. Kant begins his treatise, The Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Morals with the famous dramatic sentence Nothing can possibly be conceived in the world, or even out of it, which can be called good without strength, except a good will. 1. What does Kant call up by good without qualification?Obviously people try to want and avoid many different sorts of things those things which they seek they call good, while those they try to avoid , they call bad. These goods which people seek may be divided into those which are desire as intend to some further end and those which they seek as good as ends in themselves. Obviously some things may be good as bureau to one end and bad as means to some other end. Different persons, motivated by different ends, will frankincense find different things good and bad (relative to their different ends).More food is good to a starving man, but it is bad to one overweight. In order for something to be good without qualification it must not be merely good as means to one end but bad as means to some other end. It must be sought as good totally independently of serving as a means to something else it must be good in-itself. Furthermore, while one thing may be good as means relative to a crabby end, that end becomes a means relative to some other end. So a college diploma may be sought as good as a means for the end of a higher-paying job.And a higher-paying job may be good as a means to increased pecuniary security and increased financial security may be good as a means to obtaining the necessities of life as well as a few of its luxuries. However, if we seek A only for the sake of B, and B only for the sake of C, etc. , then there is never a justification for seeking A at the ancestor of such a series unless there is something at the end of that series which we seek as a good in-itself not merely as means to some further end.Such an ultimate end would then be an absolute or else than a relative good. Kant means that a good will is good without qualification as such an absolute good in-itself, universally good in every instance and never merely as good to some yet further end. 2. Why is a good will the only thing which is universally absolutely good? Kants point is that to be universally and absolutely good, something must be good in every instance of its occurrence.He argues that all those things which people call good (including intelligence, wit, judgment , courage, resolution, perseverance, power, riches, honor, health, and even happiness itself) can become extremely bad and mischievous if the will which is to make use of them is not good. In other words, if we imagine a bad person (i. e. one who willed or wanted to do evil), who had all of these so-called goods (intelligence, wit, etc. ), these very traits would make only that much worse his will to do what is wrong.(We would get the brutal master-mind of the comic books. ) Even health often also cited as a good in- itself may respond to make a person insensitive and abstracted to the lack of good health in others. 3. Isnt happiness such a universal, absolute good in-itself? Kant answers clearly, No. However, many philosophers (the ones we call eudaemonists) have assumed the limpid answer to be Yes. All ancient eudaemonistic ethical theories as well as modern utilitarian theories virtually define happiness as the absolute end of all ethical behavior.Such eudaemonistic ethica l theories are attractive because of the fact that they make it easy to answer the question Why should I do what is morally right? For any eudaemonistic theory the answer will always be Because the morally right action is always ultimately in the wager of your own happiness. Since these theories generally assume that people really are motivated by a desire for their own happiness, their only problem is to show that the morally right action really does serve as the best means to obtain the end of happiness.Once you are led to see this, so such theories assume, the question Why should I do what is morally right? is automatically answered. Kant totally rejects this eudaemonistic way of ethical theorizing he calls decisions made according to such a calculation of what produces your own happiness prudential decisions and he distinguishes them sharply from ethical decisions. This is not because Kant thinks we are not motivated by a desire for happiness, in fact like the ancient philos ophers, he takes it for granted that we are however, such motivation cannot be that which makes an action ethically right or wrong.The fact that an action might lead to happiness cannot be the grounds of moral obligation. Kant gazes the conception of happiness as both too indefinite and too empirical to serve as the grounds for moral obligation why we ought to do something. In the first place it is too indefinite because all people have very different sorts of talents, tastes and enjoyments which mean in effect that one persons happiness may be another persons misery. This is because the concept is empirical in the sense that the only way you can know whether what you seek will actually serve to bring you happiness is by experience.As Kant points out, it is impossible that the most clear-sighted man should frame to himself a definite conception of what he really wills in this. Since we cannot know a priori before an action whether it really will be conducive to our happiness (b ecause the notion is so indefinite that even the most clear-sighted amongst us cannot know everything that must form part of his own happiness) the desire for our own happiness cannot serve as a motive to determine our will to do this or that action. Moreover, Kant observes that even the general well-being and contentment with ones condition that is called happiness, can inspire pride, and often presumption, if there is not a good will to correct the influence of these on the mind. In other words happiness cannot be good without qualification for if we imagine it occurring in a person totally devoid of the desire to do what is right, it could very well lead to all sorts of immoral actions. 4. What does Kant mean by a good will? To act out of a good will for Kant means to act out of a sense of moral obligation or duty.In other words, the moral agent does a particular action not because of what it produces (its consequences) in terms of human experience, but because he or she recogni zes by reasoning that it is morally the right thing to do and thus regards him or herself as having a moral duty or obligation to do that action. One may of course as an added fact get some pleasure or other gain from doing the right thing, but to act morally, one does not do it for the sake of its desirable consequences, but rather because one understands that it is morally the right thing to do.In this respect Kants view towards morality parallels the Christians view concerning obedience to Gods commandments, according to which the Christian obeys Gods commandments simply because God commands them, not for the sake of rewards in heaven after death or from fear of punishment in hell. In a similar way, for Kant the rational being does what is morally right because he recognizes himself as having a moral duty to do so rather than for anything he or she may get out of it. 5. When does one act from a motive of doing ones duty?Kant answers that we do our moral duty when our motive is f ixed by a principle recognized by reason rather than the desire for any expected consequence or emotional feeling which may cause us to act the way we do. The will is defined as that which provides the motives for our actions. Obviously many times we are motivated by specific desires or emotions. I may act the way I do from a feeling of friendship for a particular individual, or from desire for a particular consequence. I may also be motivated by particular emotions of fear, or envy, or pity, etc.When I act in these ways, I am motivated by a desire for a particular end in Kants vocabulary I am said to act out of inclination. as yet as an action is motivated by inclination, the motive to do it is contingent upon the desire for the particular end which the action is imagined to produce. Thus as different rational agents might have different inclinations, there is no one motive from inclination common to all rational beings. Kant distinguishes acts motivated by inclination from those do on principle.For example someone may ask why I did a certain thing, and point out that it brought me no gain, or perhaps even made life a bit less pleasant to which I might reply, I know I do not stand to gain by this action, but I do it because of the principle of the thing. For Kant, this sort of state of mind is the essence of the moral consciousness. When I act on principle the sole factor determining my motive is that this particular action exemplifies a particular case falling under a general law or maxim. For Kant the mental process by which the actor understands that a particular case falls under a certain principle is an exercise in reasoning, or to be more precise, what Kant called practical reason, reason used as a guide to action. (Pure Reason is reason used to attain certainty, or what Kant called scientific knowledge. ) Since to have moral worth an action must be done on principle, and to see that a certain principle applies to a particular action requires the ex ercise of reason, only rational beings can be said to answer morally. 6. Why does Kant believe that to have moral worth an action must be done on principle rather than inclination?Kants argument here may seem strange to the contemporary outlook, for it assumes that everything in nature is designed to serve a purpose. at once it is an obvious fact that human beings do have a faculty of practical reason, reason applied to the guidance of actions. (Kant is of course fully aware the people often fail to employ this faculty i. e. they act non-rationally (without reason) or even irrationally (against what reason dictates) but he intends that his ethical theory is normative, prescribing how people ought to behave, rather than descriptive of how they actually do behave.)If everything in nature serves some purpose then the faculty of practical reason must have some purpose. Kant argues that this purpose cannot be merely the attainment of some specific desired end, or even the attainment of happiness in general, for if it were, it would have been far better for nature simply to have endowed persons with an instinct to achieve this end, as is the case with the non- rational animals. Therefore, the fact that human beings have a faculty of practical reason cannot be explained by claiming that it allows them to attain some particular end.So the fact that reason can guide our actions, but cannot do so for the sake of achieving some desired end, leads Kant to the conclusion that the function of practical reason must be to allow humans as rational beings to apply general principles to particular instances of action, or in other words to engage in moral reasoning as a way of determining ones moral obligation what is the right action to do. Thus we act morally only when we act rationally to apply a moral principle to determine the motive of our action. 7. Do all persons have the same moral duties? According to Kant only rational beings can be said to act morally.Reason for Kant (as for all the Enlightenment thinkers) is the same for all persons in other words there isnt a poor mans reason versus a rich mans reason or a white mans reason versus a opaque mans reason. All persons are equal as potentially rational beings. Therefore, if reason dictates that one person, in a particular plaza, has a moral duty to do a particular thing, then any person, in that same situation, would equally well have a duty to do that same thing. In this sense Kants reasoning parallels the way in which stoicism led Roman lawyers to the conclusion that all citizens are equal before the law.Thus Kant is a moral absolutist in the sense that all persons have the same moral duties, for all persons are equal as rational beings. But this absolutism does not mean that Kant holds that our moral duties are not relative to the situation in which we find ourselves. Thus it is quite possible for Kant to conclude that in one particular situation I may have a duty to keep my promise, but in another situation (in which, for example, keeping a promise conflicts with a higher duty) I may equally well be morally obligated to break a promise. 8.Why is it that actions done for the sake of some end cannot have moral worth? Since what ones moral duties are in a particular situation are the same for all persons, ones moral duties must be independent of the particular likes and dislikes of the moral agent. Now any action which is motivated by the desire for some particular end presupposes that the agent has the desire for that end. However, from the simple concept of a rational being it is not possible to deduce that any particular rational being would have any particular desired ends. or so people, of course, desire to seek pleasure and avoid pain, but there is no logical contradiction involved in the notion of a rational being who does not desire pleasure or perhaps who desires pain. Thus reason does not dictate that any particular rational being has any particular end. But if the desire for a particular end gave an action its moral worth, then only those rational beings who happened in fact to desire that end would regard such actions as good, while those that desired to avoid such an end, would regard the action as bad. (Thus for example eudaemonistic theories which assume the end of achieving happiness is what gives an action its moral value, would serve to induce only those beings who happened to have the desire for happiness to behave morally. For those rational beings who happened to desire to avoid happiness, there would be no incentive to behave morally and what appears good to the happiness-seeker will appear positively bad to one who seeks to avoid happiness. ) But, as we have seen above, Kants absolutism reaches the conclusion that moral obligation is the same for all persons.Thus the ground of moral obligation, what makes an action a moral duty, cannot lie in the end which that act produces. 9. What does reason tell us about the principle tha t determines the morally dutiful motive? Since Kant has ruled out the ends (i. e. the consequences) which an act produces as well as any motive but those determined by the application of principle as determining moral duty, he is faced now with the task of deriving the fundamental principles of his ethical theory solely from the concept of what it is to be a rational being.He now argues (in a very obscure manner) that from this notion of what is demanded by being rational, he can deduce that it would be irrational to act on any principle which would not apply equally to any other actor in the same situation. In other words, Kant claims that reason dictates that the act we are morally obligated to do is one which is motivated by adherence to a principle which could, without inconsistency, be held to apply to any (and all) rational agents.This fundamental ethical principle, which is commonly called The Categorical Imperative, Kant summarizes with the statement that I am never to act o therwise than so that I could also will that my maxim become a universal law. Kants claim that Reason demands the moral agent to act on a universal law thus in many ways parallels Jesus dictum that God commands that those who love Him obey The Golden Rule. 10. What is a categorical imperative? Any statement of moral obligation which I make the principle of my action (my maxim in Kants vocabulary), in the context of a specific situation, constitutes an imperative. I might, in such a situation, choose to act on a statement of the form, If I desire some specific end (e. g. happiness, maximum pleasure, power, etc. ), then I ought to do such and such an action. In doing so I would be acting on what Kant calls a hypothetical imperative. However, Kant has already ruled out ends as the grounds for moral obligation thus hypothetical imperatives cannot serve as the basis for determining my moral duty. However, if I act on a principle which has the form, In circumstances of such and such a character, I ought to.