Health and Social Care within the British Welfare State

Health and Social Care within the British Welfare State The 1843 Poor Law was created because the middle and upper classes were coming to the conclusion that the local taxes they were paying were supporting the poor to be lazy and avoid work so many complained wanting a change to the current system. The new poor law sounded good as the poor and homeless would be sent to work houses being clothed and fed, even children would get some education there and they would have work for several hours a day. The work houses were not as accommodating as that; the people were treated as slaves, as if they were being punished for being poor and the work was hard and often dangerous. The workhouses would be an object of fear for the poor, families would be split up, they suffered from poor diets and any medical needs were not met. Many were outraged and spoke out against the poor law. Richard Oastler was one of those who spoke out against the poor law and fought for reform of the factories. He said: â€Å"I will use all my influence in trying to remove from our factory system the cruelties which are practiced in our mills. (Chaplin, A. 2009).† Anthony Ashley Cooper, 7th earl of Shaftesbury fought for factory reform for improved working conditions and in 1847 the changes to the factory act were improved and over the years kept improving to try and stop any worker being exploited. The great wars gave medical specialist a new image of stardom from the people of Britain because of their courage on the battle field and treating those back home. The first Great War praised the actions of the orthopaedic surgeon preforming impressive lifesaving medical procedures where ever they were needed. By World War 2 there were advances in medical, factory and motorised machinery leading to new challenges for medical professionals to deal with a new range of injuries. The orthopaedic surgeon now shared the limelight with other medical specialists now being recognised for their work. During the interwar years plastic surgeons were developing their skills and maintaining their specialist identity; their profession was now in high demand treating burn victims which was now an injury that affected a high amount of individual during WW2 because of the petrol driven means of transport; this also called for a high demand for burn specialists, cardiologists and thoracic surgeons who now had to treat patients who have been crushed by vehicles of war and machinery. A more modernised society was producing more ailments where the health care had to develop to meet the needs. The end of WW2 now recognised the importance of rehabilitation, this was not the situation after WW1 but now occupational therapists and physical medicines were sought after. The poor living conditions and the constant threat of danger caused a high number of soldiers and civilians to suffer with a psychiatric disorder and requested the need of psychiatric help. More than A third of military officers suffered with a mental disorder. WW2 created more opportunities for pathology as Penicillin ‘the miracle drug,’ cured wound infection, STDs and relieving a range of life threatening disease. The improved health of soldiers and gave them a morale boost and boosted the idea of creating more medicines to cure diseases. (Hardy, A. 2009) After 1945 Britain’s economy needed reconstruction so Britain wanted an influx of immigration labour. There was a large population growth which did lead to a shortage of social houses and from 1946 to the 1960s there was a baby boom leaving the system overwhelmed with the rapidly growing population. Sir William Beverage wrote the report Social Insurance and Allied Services in 1942 which became the blue print for the modern welfare state. â€Å"The Beveridge Report aimed to provide a comprehensive system of social insurance from cradle to grave. It proposed that all working people should pay a weekly contribution to the state. In return, benefits would be paid to the unemployed, the sick, the retired and the widowed. Beveridge wanted to ensure that there was an acceptable minimum standard of living in Britain below which nobody fell. (The National Archives. 2009).† â€Å"It was this report that identified the five ‘Giant Evils’ the government should fight namely: ‘Want, Disease, Ignorance, Squalor and Idleness. (Sir William Beveridge Foundation. 2012).† The public welcomed the idea with open arms and could not wait for it to be put into action but their current government the conservatives which was led by Winston Churchill missed his chance to ap ply any of the Beveridge report as he put all his focus on the war giving labour the chance to tell the public that they would implement this law if they were to get elected. In 1945 Winston Churchill lost the election even though his leadership helped win the war but it was not enough to keep him as prime minister because the British people were desperate for a better quality of life and equal health care, no longer have to go to struggling charity hospitals or only the working to be aloud treatment. (Addison, P. 2005). Labour now ran the country and led by Clement Attlee, his minister of health was Aneurin Bevan who would work hard to pass the national health act. Aneurin Bevan had a lot of opposition his main adversary was DR Charles Hill of the British Medical Association and organised a vote amongst all doctors to vote for or against the NHS, 85% were against and all those who were for were bullied for it and they created propaganda for the media to turn the public against the NHS. The doctors wanted to keep their status of independent contractors and not become civil servants. The working and middle classes were in support of the NHS, only 13% was on the side of the doctors. Aneurin gained support of Lord Moran the president of the Royal College of Physicians who controlled the consultants and the charity hospitals they were at this time destitute and Aneurin would support these hospitals with tax funding if he had support from his medical staff. The remaining doctors decided to join the NHS da ys before the start of the act as they realised all patients would be joining the NHS leaving their clinics soon to be empty. 1948 the National Health Act was implemented. The medical system realised how people were suffering with conditions who could not afford the healthcare. The hospitals were full and patience were requesting a lot of treatment as so many conditions were far gone they needed a lot of care even babies were in terrible conditions, before the NHS babies had a high mortality rate. (Rick, B. 2008). The NHS continued to improve and parliament discovers that it was impossible to cap its spending as medical techniques and equipment was always evolving. â€Å"Bevan foresaw this in speaking on 2nd June to a Royal College of Nursing conference. ‘We shall never have all we need, he said. Expectations will always exceed capacity. (Rivett. G. 2014)†. In 1965 there was an investigation into the local authorities in England and Wales; in 1968 this report was published by Fredrick Seebohm. He believed the current system was inadequate and a new more family orientated system should take its place and work for the individual and could work long term. He wanted it to be better than the current services but will be able to provide those services that are already available like â€Å"the childrens departments, the welfare services provided under the National Assistance Act 1948, educational welfare and child guidance services, the home help service, mental health social work services and other social work services provided by health departments, day nurseries, and certain social welfare work currently undertaken by some housing departments.† Local authorities should be able to assess a situation immediately and be able to provide for them out of what provisions they have in their own area. This improved social services department will be provided with training and staff will gain a social worker qualification and there will be specific jobs like field staff and residential staff. 11. (Seebohm, F. 1968). In 1970 the Local Authority Social Services act was implemented making it mandatory for every local authority to have a social services department and should adhere to the functions set by the secretary of state. The LASS act 1970 will work alongside the National Health Service Act 1946, the National Assistance Act 1948 and the Children Act 1948. Local authorities would also follow this act as they would their Health Visiting and Social Work (Training) Act 1962 and Health Services and Public Health Act 1968 and refer to all acts when to fulfil their authorities function. There is a 22 year difference between the NHS act and the LASS act this could be that before the NHS act the attitude of certain groups thought that the poor were a burden, brought their situation on themselves and even some G.Ps did not like to treat those in the slums. So health care was a priority to bring society to a stage of good health and good living conditions so social services could come in and have the provisions to work with and encourage wellbeing because the previous ill health of those who couldn’t afford to get it treated gave a low chance of living long lives for the working class. Social services would not be able to make their assessment if people were not able to be diagnosed by physicians or psychiatrists and a social worker does not have the medical training to diagnose a person and then people would go without help. Also working class and a high number of middle class were ill, suffering neglect from the state and malnourished if this was the norm in so me parts of Britain what could that area’s local authority do if the poor living conditions were that vast and what would be a case for social services to step in would be the how certain people had to live due to their financial status. In 1979 Margret Thatcher a conservative leader and a Neo-liberal became prime minister after winning the election against Labour as it was said their bad leadership lead to the country being in debt. Unlike her labour predecessors Thatcher opposed some of the ideas of the Beveridge report and reformed the NHS for it to become more of a market where the patients become customers and encouraged people to go private. She created the National Health Service act 1980 which promoted privatisation. This concerned the public who still wanted to keep their NHS the way it was but the waiting lists got longer and certain wards started to close. Health boards became purchasers and would have contracts with different medical drug companies to be able to purchase the best value for money. After Thatcher ‘the cradle to the grave’ ideology has not be looked back on. (BBC NEWS) The Barclay Report 1982 identified the unrealistic expectations of social workers and how society and the media would complain when these expectations were not met. Barclay saw two distinctive elements to social work: counselling and social care planning. He encouraged the idea of partnership between service users, families, statutory services and voluntary services and also to seek networks of care in the service users’ community. (Blewett, J. 1997) John Major was next after Thatcher in 1990 and continued with the reform of the NHS. Under conservative leadership â€Å"eight English Regional Health Authorities abolished from April 1996 and replaced by eight regional offices of a new NHS Executive, based in Leeds. Likewise, 100 new Health Authorities (HAs) replaced the previous structure of District Health Authorities and Family Health Service Authorities, the aim being to reduce bureaucracy and improve services. With no regional structure in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, responsibility was left with health departments at national and local trust level. (BBC NEWS). â€Å" Labour comes back into power 1997 with Leader Tony Blair who believed in ‘the third way’. The third way’ or New Labour was the combination of the best features of the USA and Continental Europe economic dynamism and European social inclusion and bring them together. (Powell, M. 2008). Pressures from Scottish and Welsh Labour parties led to a political commitment by labour to transfer the powers from the Scottish office to a Scottish Parliament giving the ability to now pass primary legislation in those areas and from the welsh office to a National Assembly for Wales, administering and financing them within a frame work of Westminster legislation. Scotland and Wales now had the power to create health, education, housing and training department’s government by their own parliaments and Assembly and this system became a lot more organised. There are differences in some of the services of the NHS in other regions compared to England. In Wales and Scotland presc riptions are free but in England people are charged, ‘The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence’ is responsible for cost efficient medicines and equipment for England and Wales based but its ‘The Scottish Medicines Consortium’ that is in charge of that in Scotland and only in Scotland was the NHS car parking char abolished. (Hicks, R. 2013) Chancellor George Osborne gave his autumn statement 2014 sharing his plans for the NHS. Osborne has announced that he will be funding the NHS an extra 2 billion a year and a â€Å"new  £300m a year fund for kick-starting GP innovation†. The issue is is this too little too late, the NHS has been suffering for a while and is believed this extra money will be spend half way into the year on its shortfalls due to budget cuts. David Cameron quoted Thatcher by saying NHS spending was ‘safe in his hands’ but reports say the NHS has never been in such a worse state. Elizabeth Evans

Simon And Ralph Comparison At Chapter 3 :: essays research papers

Golding portrays the different characters and those ideologies that accompany them with a strong contrast in writing style. To further understand this we must compare characters from his Nobel Prize winning novel, The Lord of the Flies. A good example of this is Jack who represents evil, described at the beginning of chapter three, and Simon who represents good and spirituality, described at the end of chapter three.Golding writes the story with the knowledge that characters who strongly dominate the plot at any given time of the book will become associated with the mood and imagery of their surroundings. When he writes about Jack he creates dark images, to represent evil. One of the ways that he does this is by placing Jack in a dark and unpleasant jungle. The jungle that Golding describes is also humid, and makes the reader feel uncomfortable. He also describes Jack as being similar to animals; "†¦Then dog-like on all fours†¦", "†¦flared nostrils", as to create an image of a character who is governed by instinct and savagery. The mention of dark sunburn and freckles splashes the image of red colour on Jack's character signifying rage and lack of control. Every move that Jack makes is described as quick and deceiving, and this prevents the reader from trusting or admiring Jack.When Golding writes about Simon's sunburn, he describes it as a deep tan, which does not have the same connotation as Jack's red sunburn. Every move that Simon makes is slow and delicate; "†¦He picked his way up the scar†¦", "†¦He walked with an accustomed tread†¦". Simon is found in a beautiful scene with fruit trees, flowers, and honey bees. Butterflies dance, expressing the good spirit always accompanying Simon. Golding has the little ones who are the helpless and weak members of society seek Simon for aide in reaching fruit that they themselves cannot reach. This is done intentionally to show Simon's compassion, and Golding would not place Jack in a similar scenario.

The Failed Vision

If I were consulting with the HTE Board of Directors regarding Harold's Leadership, from a transformational perspective, I would have advised them that Harold wasn't a good leader and that his leadership style was damaging to HTE. Harold tried to bring about many changes to the company without recognizing the effects of the changes, which made him seems to look like he didn't know what he was doing, though his intention was good. His past records were great, but the results from HTE didn't demonstrate what was said about him. His style of leadership was in line with the Pseudo-transformational leadership. Pseudo-transformational leadership refers to leaders who are self-consumed, exploitive, and power oriented, with warped moral values (Bass & Riggio,2006). Pseudo-transformational leadership is considered personalized leadership, which focuses on the leader's own interest rather than on the interest of others (Northouse, 20016, pg. 163). Harold was more worried about how he looks in position than what is good for the company. Harold should have focused more on the people and inspire them to make the change he wanted a success, but he didn't involve them at all in the change process. This was damaging, which finally cause a major failure and serious loss in revenue to the company.Did Harold have a clear vision for HTE? Was he able to implement?Yes. Harold did have a clear vision for the company but didn't have the correct method of leadership to make his vision to transform HTE. Harold wanted to prove that new technologies and advance management could make the company one of the best manufacturing companies in the nation. Harold created a vision, but it conflicted with his values and management style. It became very difficult for him to convey his vision to the employees in that they saw his vision as being against himself. The employees didn't believe in the vision and were confused with all the changes. They were not involved in the change process and never had the voice when it came to feedback.Was he able to implement?No, he couldn't implement anything because his leadership style was the Pseudo-transformational leadership which is an inspired leadership that is self-serving, unwilling to encourage independent ideas from followers and exhibits little care for others. This type of leadership has strong inspirational talent and appeal but is manipulative and dominates and directs followers towards his or her own values (Christie, Barling, et., al.,2011). This leadership also threaten the welfare of followers because it ignores the common good.How effective was Harold as a change agent and social arc hitect for HTE?Harold at the beginning was very determined, but as time went by his vision seems to be uncertain. A blur vision which causes an overall effect of the reorganization was a precipitous drop in the worker morale and production. Harold wasn't effective as a change agent because, in my opinion, I realize that Harold could not stand strong with his vision and mission. He could not influence the workers to follow his method. This made the employees feel instability, as they also started to find it very difficult to support the company's vision. He faced a failure of having gained the employee's trust. There wasn't a good relationship between Harold and the employees. Their words were neglected by him, resulting in a huge gap between the leader and the employees. Harold couldn't be considered as a social architect for HTE, because he did nothing that brought positive change to the company. Instead, he destroys the valued organizational history of the company, its revenues and lost the morale amongst the employees. What Would you advise Harold to do differently if he had the chance to return as president of HTE? I would advise him to humble himself and ask for consideration from all his senior and lower managers and begin developing a new relationship by communicating effectively with everyone and focusing on workers affairs and calming bad feelings, lifting spirits, and providing updates and progress reports as activities come. Then a new vision should be created that incorporates the needs of the company as well as feedback from the leadership. From a Bible standpoint and perspective, I will like to be a kind of leader that is unselfish, and not only concerned about my interest rather the interest of others as well and to lead my organization for the common good of all. In our quest for the marks of mature spirituality and leadership ability, we must not bypass that quality which so completely characterized the life of Jesus Christ, the quality of unselfish servanthood. Jesus said, â€Å"For even the Son of Man did not come to be served but to serve, and to give his life a ransom for many† (Mark 10:45) The apostle Paul added to this focus when he wrote, â€Å"Each of you should be concerned not only about your own interests, but the interests of others as well† (Phil. 1:4). But then pointing to the Savior as our great example, he quickly added, â€Å"You should have the same attitude toward one another that Christ Jesus had.† In conclusion, our leadership style as a believer in God Almighty should be model after our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ. Seeking not only our interest as leaders but for others as well and to also practice transformational leadership which is used in improving team development, (Bass ; Avolio,1994). Decision-making groups, quality initiative, and reorganizations. ReferencesBass. M., ; Avolio, B. J. (1994). Improving organizational effectiveness through transformational leadership. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.Bass, B. M., ; Riggio, R. E. (2006). Transformational leadership (2nd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Christie, A., Barling., ; Turner, N. (2011). Pseudo-transformational leadership: Model specification and outcomes. Journal of Applied Social Psychology,44(12), 2943- 2984Northouse, P. G. (2016). Leadership: Theory and practice (7th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publication

Parenting Techniques for Babies Essay - 852 Words

In western culture, babies are bombarded with distractions. This is not only to keep them occupied, but also to keep the parents content with the behavior of the child. The prevailing parenting technique in our culture, therefore, seems to be that of constantly stimulating the child in order to somehow produce some sort of super baby. With new distractions and studies arriving daily that are meant to boost the earliest form of intellect within the child, you would expect the babies who are raised in this society to end up being geniuses by the age of 5. Unfortunately, this is far from the truth. When all is said and done, a baby is still a baby. This is something that the mothers in a small village within Opuwo, Namibia, have never†¦show more content†¦He refers to the idea a theorist explored being that, â€Å"Lamb suggests that being responsible doesn’t necessarily involved direct interaction with the child; the anxiety, worry, and contingency planning that compris e paternal responsibility often occurs when the father is doing something else†(Page 251 of 250-256). This proves that even though Ponijao may not have constant interaction with her Father, he still shapes the child she is today. Based on my research conducted on children’s toys earlier in unit one, I had the chance to analyze and understand the impact that they have on the development and functioning of the child. Reflecting back on my own experience with toys, I concluded that certain toys in my childhood had a significant impact on my development, while other toys may have hindered my maturation. For instance, playing with blocks and creating structures allowed my creative outlet to develop while utilizing my faculty of wonder, as well as my understanding of and balance and physical awareness. In spite of that, the overall quantity of toys that I had acquired over the years of my childhood, had caused me to rely on materialistic entities as a source of distraction, and as I developed I looked to find satisfaction in material objects. In contrast to this, Ponijao’s exposure to toys is very limited in comparison to the sources of entertainment the other children in the film are familiarized wit h, based on the progress ofShow MoreRelatedEssay How Do Parents Influence Child Development1680 Words   |  7 Pageswith their parent. The second element is the types of parenting styles used while the child was developing. There are three components: authoritarian, permissive and authoritative. These two factors affect the child’s behavior. 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